Unusually, the c7-20:1 isomer was predominantly found in a few fishes such as the tooth ponyfish, longface emperor, and commerson's sole.
With only a few exceptions, the most abundant 20:1 positional isomer found in fishes of the Indian and Atlantic Ocean was the c11-20:1 isomer (>50%) followed by the c13-20:1 isomer (<25%). The results indicated that the highest levels of c-20:1 positional isomers were found in fishes from the Pacific Ocean (saury, 166.95☑2.4 mg/g of oil), followed by the Atlantic Ocean (capelin, 162.7☓.5 mg/g of oil), and lastly in fishes from the Indian Ocean (goatfish, 34.39 mg/g of oil). c14-20:1 was used as an internal standard. The eicosenoic acid methyl ester fraction was separated from total fatty acid methyl esters by reversed-phase HPLC and quantitatively analyzed using a GC-FID fitted with the SLB-IL111 highly polar GC column. Lipids were extracted from the edible part of the fish and then methylated. This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of cis-eicosenoic acid (c-20:1) positional isomers in fishes from the Indian Ocean and compared to those from the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. Overall, our proposed electrochemical screening strategy has been demonstrated for the rapid, sensitive, and selective detection of MDMA, resolving most of the false positives and negatives given by the traditional Marquis color tests, thus exhibiting remarkable promises for the on-site screening of MDMA. Finally, validation of the screening strategy was done by measuring a set of ecstasy street samples. An additional measurement at pH 12 was able to resolve false positives and negatives occurring at pH 7. Thereafter, pure cutting agents and MDMA as well as simulated binary mixtures of compounds with MDMA were subjected to square wave voltammetry at pH 7 to understand the characteristic electrochemical profile. We have proved that the formation of a radical cation and subsequent reactions are indeed responsible for the electrode surface passivation, as evidenced by using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrochemistry. We have investigated the specific electrochemical profile of MDMA and its electro-oxidation mechanisms at disposable graphite screen-printed electrodes. This article describes the development of an electrochemical screening strategy for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), the regular psychoactive compound in ecstasy (XTC) pills. The foundation and implementation of the Federal Analog Act include a discussion on the fentanyl analog alpha-methylfentanyl (AMF), arguably the first “designer drug.” A comprehensive flowchart illustrates the results of chemical screening and representative GCMS spectra are interpreted for definitive identification. Commonly encountered natural and synthetic analogs are also included. Typical methods of administration are described along with the physical and psychological effects of abuse. Legitimate applications in clinical and veterinary medicine are discussed. This group includes barbiturates, fentanyl, γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), ketamine, and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Most contain more than one functional group and, although they produce effects similar to drugs previously discussed, their structures prohibit classification as phenethylamines, tertiary amines, tryptamines, or steroids.
This chapter focuses on a variety of controlled substances that cannot be accurately classified using the methods developed in previous chapters.
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